Sentence
A group of the
words having at least a verb to get complete sentence is called a sentence It
can be divided into simple sentence complex sentence and compound sentence. It
is also categorized as declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory, and
optative.
A sentence has
subject, verb, object, adverbials, and complement.
What is a
subject?
In general
understanding a subject is doer or agent.
a.
It
is a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function.
b.
It
occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses, and immediately after the
operator in question clauses.
c.
It
has number and person concord, where applicable with the verb phrase.
A subject has agentive: that
is, the animate being instigating or causing the happening denoted by the verb.
With intransitive verbs, the subject also frequently has the affected role
elsewhere typical of the object:
Jack fell down.
The pencil was lying on the table
Agentive from instrumental
subjects is that the two cannot be coordinated.
What is an object?
The object is answer of what and who upon which action is done. Like
subject,
a.
It
is a noun phrase or clause with nominal function.
b.
Normally
it follows the subject and the verb phrase.
c.
By
the passive transformation, it assumes the status of subject.
There are basically two
types of object direct and indirect object. The direct object is answer of what
question and indirect object is the answer of whom-question in general. For
example:
I gave Rita a pen.
In the sentence a pen is direct object and Rita is
indirect object.
What is a
complement?
A word used in a
sentence that adds the additional information about subject or object and
contribute to clarify the sense in the sentence. There are two types of
complements. Subject complement and object complement.
a.
It
is a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or a clause with nominal function.
b.
It
follows the subject, verb phrase, and (if one is present) object.
c.
It
does not become subject through the passive transformation.
1.
Simple
sentence: a sentence is one that contains only one subject and one finite verb
expressed or understood. A simple sentence has only one clause. A simple
sentence can be written in the following pattern.
i.
Simple
sentence with two element pattern. In the sentence, the sentence has only
subject and verb. Eg He smiles.
ii.
Simple
sentence with three pattern: In the sentence, the sentence has subject verb and
object/adverbial/complement.
Eg. He eats a mango.
iii.
Simple
sentence with three four pattern: In this type, a sentence has subject verb
object along with complement/ object/ adverbial.
Eg. I gave him a book yesterday.
Note
a.
It
is possible to have a clause with the structure S V indirect object direct
object, object complement , but the object
complement in such cases is always optional:
She gave us our coffee
black.
I sold him the car almost
new.
b.
Object
complement and place adverbials sometimes precede indirect object in Types
SVOC and SVOA:
We have proved wrong the
Prime Minister himself.
He took from his pocket a handful of gleaming
coins.
c.
Most
obligatory adjuncts are place adverbials, but there are quite a number of cases
to which the term 'place', even in a broad metaphorical sense, does not apply:
He is without a job.
We kept him off cigarettes.
They treated him kindly.
d.
There
is also a rare clause pattern S V indirect object subject complement:
John made Mary a good
husband (i.e. 'John was a good husband to Mary').
In simple sentence sometimes
complement is essential to get the meaning.
For example, if someone says
I put the book, it is incomplete. The verb put needs further explanation.
Similarly some verbs need adverbial in order to have sense. For example,
She lives.. is incomplete.
It needs an adverbials. She lives in a town. Therefore, the verb live is
intensive verb than intransitive verb.
2.
Compound
sentence
A compound sentence has
two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so)
Alejandro
played football, so Maria went shopping.
3. Complex
sentence
A
complex sentence has one independent clause and one to two dependent clauses. A
complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction (because, since, after,
although, when…) or a pronoun (who, which, and that). If a dependent clause has
a subordinating conjunction and is located at the beginning of the sentence, a
comma should be used to separate it from the independent clause.
When he handed in his
homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
Other types of
sentences
a. Declarative
Sentence: Declarative sentences give information. We use
them to share facts and statements, in other words, to declare things. Generally
it has subject, verb and object. Eg.
He
dog went to the county fair.
She
saw the dog eat popcorn.
b. Interrogative
Sentence: An interrogative sentence is a question. It is easy
to recognize because it always ends in a question mark (?). They are termed to
be wh question and yes-no question.
Have
you ever been to a county fair?
What
is your favorite snack?
c. Imperative
Sentence: A sentence that gives instructions, requests, or
demands, or shares a wish or invitation. Basically, they tell someone what to
do or reflect something you want to happen. Eg.
Come
here, please.
d. Exclamatory
Sentence: A sentence that shares strong feelings or
excitement. They are just like declarative sentences in that they share
declarations, but the difference is that the words are said with more emotion.
They are powerful sentences, so they always end with an exclamation mark. Eg. :
I can’t believe how fast the dog ran to the county fair!
e. Optative
sentence: An
optative sentence generally expresses a wish or prayer for someone known or
unknown and also to wish them luck. According to the Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, an optative sentence is one “constituting a verbal mood that is
expressive of wish or desire”, according to the Collins Dictionary, an optative
sentence is defined as a sentence “indicating
or expressing choice, preference, or wish”.
May you be blessed with a good job.
Wish you a wonderful day.
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