Crossing the Bar by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Crossing the Bar" is a poem by the British Victorian poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The poem, written in 1889, is a metaphorical meditation on death, which sees the speaker comparing dying—or a certain way of dying—to gently crossing the sandbar between a coastal area and the wider sea/ocean. In essence, it is a poem that argues that death is in fact a kind of comfort, a point of view based on the speaker's religious faith in the afterlife. Accordingly, the speaker wants to die quietly and gently, without fear, reassured by the knowledge that what comes next is a meeting with God. "Crossing the Bar" was written shortly before Tennyson's own death, and is the poem that Tennyson wanted placed at the end of all future collections and editions of his poetry.

The first stanza begins with the speaker describing the atmosphere. He views the setting sun and evening star in the sky. Someone is calling him. It is clear unmistakable call. In fact it is the call of death. He opines the death is close. His life is drawing to an end as well. The death has been compared with crossing bar. The speaker wants his death to be smooth like calm sea wave. He hopes his death should be silent, smooth and quick making no fuss.\

The poet uses the metaphorical expression exemplifying with river and the sea for his desire to death. The complete cycle of the rain has been expressed with allegorical expression as he will return to the place where he has come from. The second stanza has the continuation of the expression of the first stanza. In the third stanza the speaker again describes the atmosphere to convey his inner feeling. It was sunset where the speaker began the poem, but it is twilight. The sun has already gone down the horizon and dusk is setting. The sound of the evening bell is heard by the speaker. It indicates the approach of night. The twilight has been used to point out his life. His life is about to end. It depicts the miserable state of the speaker.

The speaker hopes for no sadness as he uses ‘sadness of farewell’. It has double meaning: the speaker sadness or sadness of the people. The word when I embark means the state of the death. It means death is not end rather it is a new beginning.

In the final stanza the positive attitude towards death is presented. The speaker has accepted the reality of the life that is death. He will be beyond the boundaries of time and space and will be wash away with the flood of the death.

 

Writing Organized Paragraph

Writing

Well-organized paragraph writing: A well-organized paragraph has heading, introductory sentence supportive details, and concluding sentence. There are four types of paragraphs: narrative, descriptive, expository and persuasive. Narrative paragraphs tell about a scene or event, descriptive paragraphs give vivid descriptions of one subject, expository paragraphs provide information, and persuasive paragraphs

Try to convince the reader

eg:

The Postman

The Postman is familiar figure of postal system[d1] . He renders essential services to a community. In fact, he is an important link between a locality and the outside world. He comes door-to-door in his daily rounds to duties and delivers the things: letters, telegrams parcels etc. He holds a responsible [d2] job. An interview letter or an appointment letter of a person may be cancelled for mis-delivery or late-delivery. He brings happy news to someone and sad news to some other. Thus, he carries mingled feelings of joy and tears. It is a pity that he is still ill-paid though he has a great responsibility of work. However, we must admit that he is good friend of our society[d3] .

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 [d1]Topic sentencre of the paragraph

 [d2]Body sentence

 [d3]Concluding sentence

Writing Well-organized paragraph writing: A well-organized paragraph has heading, introductory sentence supportive details, and concluding sentence. There are four types of paragraphs: narrative, descriptive, expository and persuasive. Narrative paragraphs tell about a scene or event, descriptive paragraphs give vivid descriptions of one subject, expository paragraphs provide information, and persuasive paragraphs Try to convince the reader eg: The Postman The Postman is familiar figure of postal system . He renders essential services to a community. In fact, he is an important link between a locality and the outside world. He comes door-to-door in his daily rounds to duties and delivers the things: letters, telegrams parcels etc. He holds a responsible job. An interview letter or an appointment letter of a person may be cancelled for mis-delivery or late-delivery. He brings happy news to someone and sad news to some other. Thus, he carries mingled feelings of joy and tears. It is a pity that he is still ill-paid though he has a great responsibility of work. However, we must admit that he is good friend of our society .

दशै

दशै

दशै हिन्दुहरुको महान चाँड हो। यो सबैको जन जिब्रोमा त? किन यो महान चाँड हो यो। यस्ता कयौ प्रश्नहरु अनुत्तरित छन् आजको आधुनिक समाजमा।

सुरुवाट गर्न चाहन्छु दशैको कथा बाट। हामी सबेलाई थाहाँ भएकै बिषय हो। दशै आसुरी शक्तिमाथि दैविक शक्तिको बिजयको गौरवगाथा हो।

आश्विन शुक्ल प्रतिपदा (घटस्थापना)मा जमरा राखी नवमीसम्म नवरात्र विधिले प्रत्येक दिन फरक देवीहरूको पूजा हुन्छ । प्रतिपदा देखि क्रमशःशैलपुत्री,ब्रह्मचारिणी, 

चन्द्रघन्टा, कुष्माण्डा, स्कन्दमाता, कात्यायनी, कालरात्री, महागौरी, सिद्धिदात्री गरी नवदुर्गाको पूजा गर्दै सप्तशती (चण्डी) पाठ गरी नव दुर्गा र तृशक्ती महाकाली, महालक्ष्मी र महासरस्वोतिको विशेष पूजाआजा र आराधाना गरिन्छ । विजया दशमी को दिन भगवतिले दानवी शक्तिमाथी र रामले रावनमाथी विजय हासिल गरेको उपलक्ष्य र खुसीयालीमा नवदुर्गा भवानीको प्रसाद स्वरुप रातो टिका र जमरा लगाउने चलन छ 

 यो चाडको मिथकिय कथामा सम्पुर्ण देवताले शुम्भ निशुम्भलाई बध गर्न नसके पछि शक्ति सरुपा देवीको आरधाना गरी उनै देवीको हातबाट ति आसुरी शक्तिको अन्त्य गरेको कथा पाइन्छ।

यसको तात्पर्य केबल आसुरी शक्तीमाथि दैवी शक्तीको बिजयमात्र थिएन। यो त सनातनी समाजमा महिला पुरुष समानताको बिषेशताको पनि प्राधुवाद थियो। यसले वैदिक समाज पुर्ण रुपमा पृत्रिसतात्मक नभई पृत्रिसतात्मकाता र मात्रिसतात्मकता को समिश्रण थियो भनेर उजागर गर्न खोजेको देखिन्छ। यसरी समातामुखि समाजको परिकल्पना गरेको हुदा बास्तवमा यो महान चाड हो।

अब जमराको कुरा गरौ। जमरा भन्नाले उमारिएको अन्नको टुसा वा पालुवा हो। यसरि जमरा उमार्दा बिजको उमर्ने क्षमताको परिक्षण हुन सक्छ। आफुले भण्डारण गरेर राखेको बिजको उर्बर क्षमता छ कि छैन भनेर त्तत्कालिन समाजमा परिक्षण गर्ने पकृयाको थालनिलाई धार्मिकतामा जोडेर राखिएको हुन सक्छ।

अब बलि प्रथालाई नियालौ। दशैमा दिइने बलिलाई लिएर धेरै कमेन्ट र आलोचना गरिएको पाइन्छ। हुनत यसलाई हिंसाको रुपमा पनि ब्याख्या गर्ने गरेको देखिन्छ। नवरात्रिको आठौँ दिनमा महाकाली -भद्रकाली)को विशेष पूजा-आजा गरिन्छ। देवीभागवत् अनुसार प्राचीन कालमा दक्षप्रजापतिको यज्ञ नाश गर्ने ज्यादै शक्तिशाली भद्रकाली (करोडौं योनी-शक्ति)का साथ अष्टमीका दिन उत्पन्न भएको पूजा गर्ने चलन छ। पूजापश्चात् यी देवीलाई बोका, कुखुरा, हाँस, राँगो आदि बलि दिइन्छ।

यो बलि प्रथाले मानव सभ्यता कृषि युगबाट पशुपालन युगमा प्रवेश गरेको कुरालाई बुझाउन खोजेको देखिन्छ। किनकि बलि दिने दिन पशु बलि दिनु भन्दा पहिले घिरौला वा कुभिन्डोको बलि दिने गरिन्छ। त्यस पस्चात मात्र पशु वलि दिइन्छ। तसर्थ यो केबल हिंसा मात्र होइन।

त्यस्तै दशैमा लगाइने टिकाले बिरताको सन्देश दिन्छ। रातो रङ्गमा मुछिएको अक्षताले आसुरि शक्ति माथि दैविक शक्तिले बिजय प्राप्त गरेको हर्ष बढाईको रुपमा  लिने गरिन्छ। मानविय बिरताको बिरासतको रुपमा रातो रङ्गको प्रयोग भएको पाइन्छ। यसले नराम्रो गुणलाई राम्रो गुणले पराजित गर्ने र त्यसलाई सहृर्ष स्विकारिएको स्विकारोक्तिको रुपमा बिम्बित गरेको कुरा देखिन्छ। दशैको टिका केबल बिजयको घोतक मात्र नभइ यो समाजिक जिबनको महिमा उजागरण गर्ने कार्यको रुपमा पनि लिन सकिन्छ। यस टिका ग्रहण गर्नको लागि मानव आफ्ना नाता कुटुम्बको घर जाने गर्छन। यसले कुनै न कुनै रुपमा मानविय समाजको समाजिकता बढाउन मद्धत गरेको देखिन्छ। यो मानविय समाजिकताको पुनर्ताजकि हो। यसले आफ्ना नाता र कुटुम्बको बिचमा भावना साटासाट गर्न र सम्वन्धको समाजस्यता कायम गर्न मद्धत गरेको देखिन्छ। साथै यसले समाजिक मेलमिलापको बढोत्तरिमा पनि सघाउछ। टिका ग्रहणको बेलामा दिइने आशिषको पनि बिशेष अर्थ देखिन्छ।

आयुर्द्रोणसुते श्रीयं दशरथे शत्रुक्षयं राघवे ।
ऐश्वर्य नहुषे गतिश्च पवने मानञ्च दुर्योधने ॥
शौर्य शान्तनवे बलं हलधरे सत्यञ्च कुन्तीसुते ।
विज्ञान बिदुरे भवति भावताम किर्तिश्च नारायण ॥

जयन्ती मङ्गला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी ।
दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तु ते ॥
जयत्वं देवी चामुण्डे जय भूतार्तिहारिणि ।
जय सर्वगते देवि कालरात्रि नमोऽस्तु ते ॥

द्रोणको छोराको जस्तो आयु होस। दशरथको जस्तो

 श्रीसम्पती होस्। अनि राम अर्थात राघवको जस्तो शत्रुलाई परास्त पार्न सक्ने क्षमता होस्।नहुषको जस्तो सुख ऐश्वर्य होस्। दुर्योधनको जस्तो मान होस्। सुर्य पुत्र कुन्तीको जस्तो दान गर्ने मनशाय र भाव होस्। हलो बोकेर हिड्ने बलरामको जस्तो बल होस्। कुन्ती पुत्र युधीस्ठीरको जस्तो सत्यता होस्। जिवन र मृत्युकी नियन्त्रक काली माता जो समयको परिधी बाहीर छिन्, उनी प्रति नमन र मानव खप्परको माला लगाएकी कपालिनी प्रति हार्दीक नमन दुर्गतीको नाश गर्ने दुर्गा प्रति नमन अनि एकाकार र सर्बशक्तिमान शिव प्रति नमन । क्षमा की देवी क्षमा प्रति नमन, र सबै जीवकी दाती धातृ प्रति नमन, हरेक यज्ञ र दानपुण्य कि देवी स्वाहा प्रति नमन, मानवका हरेक यज्ञ दानपुण्य कि संक्ल्प देवी स्वधाप्रतिनमन । सबैजना देवीलाई हार्दीक नमन। यो त केबल शाब्दिक अर्थ हो। वास्तबमा यसको आसय धेरै माथि रहेको छ। मरणशिल जिवनको वास्तविकतालाई उजागर गर्दै जिबन चिरञ्जबि बनाउने कार्यमा जिबनलाई अगाडि बढाउनु पर्ने भाव आयुर्द्रोणसुते ले बताउन खोजेको छ। दशरथको जस्तो सम्पति होस भनेर कर्तव्य पारायण पुत्र( किनकि आफ्ना पिताको आज्ञा सिरोपण गर्ने पुत्र नै मुख्य धन भनेर) सांस्कृतिक सभ्यताको धनलाई बुझाउन खोजेको छ। रामको जस्तो शक्तिको कुरा गरेर आफ्नो स्त्रीको रक्षार्थ शत्रुको परास्त गर्ने सक्ने बलबुताको भाव झल्काउन खोजिएको छ। ऐश्वर्य नहुषे गतिश्च पवने शब्दले नहुषको जस्तो गति प्राप्त होस भनेर ईन्द्रको प्रतिस्थापन गरेर स्वर्गको राजकाज पनि गर्न सकियोस भन्ने भाव देखाउन खोजिएको छ। यश र कृतिले स्वयम भगवानको प्रतिस्थापन गरि मानवको महत्वलाई उजागर गरिएको छ। मानञ्च दुर्योधने ले दुर्योधनको जस्तो आफ्नो मान राख्न जिवनको आहुति दिन पनि पछि नपरियोस भन्न खोजिएको छ। आफु हार्न सक्छु भन्ने जान्दा जान्दै पनि आफ्नो संकल्पको लागि युद्धमा होमिएर ज्यान आहुति गर्न सक्ने दुर्योधनको बिम्ब प्रयोग गरिएको छ। शौर्य शान्तनवे शब्दले सुर्य पुत्र कर्णको दान गर्ने क्षमता र हेला र हेय भवलाई पनि बेबस्था गर्न सक्ने शान्त स्वभाव देखाउदै आवस्यकता अनरुप मानवमा शान्त गुण पनि हुनु पर्ने भाव देखाउन खोजिएको छ। बलं हलधरे शब्दले बलरामको शक्तिको याचना गरिएको छ। बलराम शक्तिशाली हुदा हुदै पनि महाभारतको युद्धमा कसैको पक्ष नलिई तटस्थ बसेकोले त्यसको बिम्बमा आफ्नो बललाई पक्ष बिपक्षमा नराखि आवस्यकता अनुसार तटस्थ बस्नु पर्ने भावको ब्याख्या गर्न खोजिएको छ। हलोको बिम्बले कृषिको महत्वलाई उजागर गरिएको छ। सत्यञ्च कुन्तीसुते शब्दले मानवमा सत्य बचन बोल्न सक्ने सहास खोज्न खोजिएको छ। विज्ञान बिदुरे भवति भावताम शब्दले बिदुरको जस्तो ज्ञान र त्यसको प्रयोग गरियोस भन्न खोजिएको छ। यसले बौद्धिकता राज्य संयन्त्रको डरमा नपरि सत्य बोल्न सक्ने ल्याकत भएको होस भन्ने कामना गरिएको छ। बिदुर धित्रराष्टको महामन्त्री भए पनि उनको गल्तिलाई सधै कटाक्ष गर्ने पात्रको रुपमा उभिएको हुदा मानवको बौद्धिकता सहि र गलत छुट्याउन सक्ने हुनु पर्ने भाव बिदुर शब्दबाट खोजिएको छ। साथै नरायण भगवानको कृतिलाई मानव  जिबनमा प्राप्ति गर्न खोजिएको छ।

जयन्ती मङ्गला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी ।
दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तु ते ॥ जस्ता वाक्यांसले केबल पुरुषको बिम्ब मात्र नभई महिलाको पनि महत्वलाई उजागर गरिएको छ। यसले महिला र पुरुषको लैङ्गिक समतालाई उजागर गर्दै महिला पुरुष समान रहेको र जिबन लैङ्गिक सहअस्थित्वबाट चल्ने कुरा देखाइएको छ। यसरि दशैमा दिइने आशिषले आदर्श सामजको परिकल्पना गरिएको छ।

अब दशैमा दिइने दक्षिणाको कुरा गरौ। यो बिषय पनि धेरै टिप्पणि गरिने बिषय भएको छ। के दशैमा दक्षिणा दिनै पर्ने बाध्यता हो त? बास्तबमा दशैमा दक्षिणा दिने कुराको कुनै ठुलो महत्व छैन। के हामीलाई थाहा छ?

टिका लगाउदा खोलिएको अञ्जुलि केबल आशिषको लागि थापिएको हो। बैदिक सनातन संकारमा खालि हात न होस भनेर खोलिएको हातमा सगुन हालि दिने चलन छ। तसर्थ उक्त खोलिएको हातमा सगुन स्वरुप फुल, पाति या कुनै फल मात्र पनि राखिदिन सकिन्छ। तर त्यसलाई बिस्तारै आफ्नो सम्पन्ताको सुचकको रुपमा पैसा दिन थालिएको हो। तसर्थ दशैको टिका लगाएर पैशा नै दक्षिणाको रुपमा दिनु पर्ने बाध्यात्मक ब्यबस्था होइन।

अन्त्यमा दशै एउटा वैदिक सनातन धर्म को बिशेष चाड हो। यसले मानवको सम्पुर्ण चारत्रिक विकासको बारेमा आदर्श भाव ब्यक्त गरेको छ। हामीले यसलाई बिशेष पर्वको रुपमा मनाउनु पर्छ।।

Subject verb agreement

Subject verb agreement

The basic rule of subject verb agreements is singular subject singular verb plural subject plural verbs.

The singular verbs: is, has. V5, does, was 

The plural verbs: are, have, V1,do, are were

Common verbs: all past verbs (V2) and modal 

1. An uncountable noun, though in the plural sense, takes singular verbs: my hair is grey.

2.  The +adjectives to denote group takes plural verbs: The poor are kind.

3. Two or more singular subjects connected by and take a verb in plural. When and is followed by a negative word as no or not, the verb agrees with word preceding no or not. Imran and Irfan are two brothers. Only boys and not the girl are guilty. The boy and not girls is guilty. 

4. Only one definite article the is used and joined by and takes singular verb. The scriptwriter and director is very famous.

5. Titles and names of plural form also take singular verb when they refer to one thing: Seven Dwarfs was a famous movie.

6. A phrase of measurement, though plural in forms takes a singular verbs. Two hours is long time to wait.

7.  We use singular verbs after a subject with every each any no some, but John Eastwood, the writer of Oxford Guide to English Grammar opines that each takes plural verb when it follows plural subject. Each boy is responsible. The pupils each have to take test. 

8. The subject with each and every joined by and, takes singular verb. Each boy and each girl is in discipline.

9. When two subjects are joined by or, nor, either…or, neither… nor takes verbs according to second subject. Either he or I am guilty. Either boy or girls are responsible. Note the placing of pronoun is 231.

10. A collective noun takes singular verb when it is thought of a whole, but takes plural verb when individuals are separately thought of. The jury has ordered to hang the man. The jury are divided in their opinion.

11. A number/ A group of/ A lot of takes plural verb when it is used at the beginning of the sentence. If there is ‘the’ in place of a we can use singular verb. The number of participants is remarkable in meeting. A number of boys were standing in the street. 

12. Some nouns, which are singular in the form but plural in meaning, take plural verb. Police people staff dozen etc. The police are running after the thief.

13. Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verb. The news is true.

14. When subject of a sentence is phrase, the verb must agree with main noun in subject group. The only excuse that he gave for his action was that he was tired.

15. When a plural noun is placed with a real singular subject one or each with help of the verb must be singular. One of the boys was ill.

16. When words are joined with: together with, or as well as, the verbs agree with first subject. The Prime minister with his ministers has arrived.

17. Many a/many an before a singular noun is form and verb is usually singular. However, a great many/ a good many/ too many is used instead of these words can take plural verbs. 

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets. 

a. Everyone …… (has/have) problems in their life. Countries also …… (has/have) problems, and so …… (do/does) the world. One of the greatest problems …… (is/are) the growing population. The population in some countries …… ( is/are) huge. 

b. A number of my friends …… (love/loves) riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister …… (own/owns) a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father …… (is/are) coming to pick me up in a car. c. The pair of shoes on the floor …… (is/are) mine.          The shoes …… (was/ were) made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them …….. (was/were) worth it. 

Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them. 

a. Every one of the workers receives the same benefits. 

b. There are two gerbils in my bathroom. 

c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu. 

d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut. 

e. You and your friends are welcome to join us 

f. Are the news on at five or six? 

g. The man with all his children live in the city. 

h. Mathematics are Prem's favorite subject, while Economics is Alina's favorite subject.

Voice

Voice 

Voice refers to the form of verb, which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it. Active voice deals it with the doer of the subject. Passive refers to a sentence acted upon.

Basic rules: 

The subject of active voice becomes object of the passive voice.

The object of the active voice becomes subject of the passive voice.

There is use of be verb and past participle.

1. He reads a book. Ans: A book is read by him. Present simple passive structure is obj+is/am/ are+ V3….

2. He is reading a book. A book is being read by him. Present continuous tense structure: obj+ is/am/are+ being+ V3…

3. He has read a book. A book has been read by him. Passive structure of present perfect: obj+ has/have+been+V3+…

4. He read a book. A book was read by him. Passive structure of past simple is: Obj+ was/ were+ V3…

5. He was reading a book. A book was being read by him. Passive structure of past continuous tense: obj+ was/ were+ being+V3..

6. He had read a book. A book had been read by him. Passive structure of past perfect is: obj+had been+V3..

7. Modal+ v1 is changed into model+ be+v3. I shall read a book. A book will be read by me.

8. Model+ have+ V3 is changed into modal+ have+ been+v3, I will have done it. It will have been done by me.

9. If sentences have the meaning of the order, request and advice, let +obj+ be +v3. Do this work. Let this work be done. It can be made with should be+V3. This work should be done. If sentence begins with please, you are requested to+V1+….

10. Sentences that begin with let can be made passive with let+ object+ be+ v3.  Let him buy a camera. Let a camera be bought by him. 

11. Yes/ no questions and Wh questions are made in the same pattern. The rules of the tenses should be followed properly. Do you see the bird? Is the bird seen by you? What do you want? What is wanted by you?

12. Passive with factitive object: The object of a transitive verb with complement. They made him king. He was made king by them. King was made him by them is a wrong passive. If a sentence has factitive object, the passive sentence must begins with factitive object.

13. The sentence with reflexive pronoun remains same in passive voice. He hurt himself. He was hurt himself. 

14. Quasi passive voice: quasi passive voice is active in form but passive in sense. Honey tastes sweet. Honey is sweet when it is tasted. 

The uses of the passive voice:

1. For describing  a process: First the orange are brought from the market.

2. For narrating an incident or events: The old man was knocked down by the bus.

3. For defining

4. For impersonal scientific writing:

5. For writing a notice:

6. For describing historical and social incidents:

7. For making announcement:

8. For classifying:

9. For making requests and invitation.

Reporting/ Narration

Reporting/ Narration

Harry said, “I am very busy”.

Said is  reporting verb and I am very busy is reported speech. 

Normally we use linker (that, to, if/whether, wh words) before reported speech.

The pronouns of reported speech are changed. 

SON

123 First person according to subject of reporting verb, second person according to object of reporting verb and third person no change.

Eg. Arnold said to me, I didn’t like your my comment on his writing.

Arnold told me that I he hadn’t liked my comment on his writing.

Change of tenses of reported speech

If reporting verb is in past tense

1. Present indefinite becomes past indefinite. It means root and present verbs change into past verb.

2. Present continuous changes into past continuous.

3. Present perfect becomes past perfect.

4. Present perfect continuous becomes past perfect continuous.

5. Past simple changes into past perfect.

6. Past continuous changes  into past perfect continuous.

7. Past perfect and past perfect continuous remains unchanged.

8. Shall and will changes into would. But shall changes into should if it talks about rules.

9. May changes into might, can into could, must into had to. Ought to no change must not into was/ were not to V1

Changes of time and place expression in past tense.

Now into then, ago into before, today into that day, tomorrow into the next day, yesterday into previous day, here into there, hence into thence, this into that, these into those, thus into that way, come into go(sometimes)

He says to me, “ I am good”.

He tells me that he is good.

Narration of assertive sentence:

1. In assertive ( svo) sentence, linker is that,

2. If the reporting verb is in present or future, the tense of reported speech is not changed. Eg. He says to me, “you are good.” He tells me that I am good.

3. In  case of habitual truth or eternal truth, there will not be the change of the tense. The teacher said, “ The sun rises from the east.” The teacher said that the sun rises from the east.

Report the following sentence into indirect speech.

1. The teacher said to the boy. “You have forgotten the lesson.”

The teacher told the boy that he had forgotten the lesson.

2. The boy said, “I shall go out and play.”

The boy said that he would go out and play.

3. He said, “I am happy to be here today.”

He said that he was happy to be there thatday.

4. They said, “We shall play the game again tomorrow.”

They said that they would play the game again the next day.

5. The boy said, “Two and two make four.”

6. The princess says, “I have lost my way.”

The princess says that she has lost her way.

7. They say, “We must keep our locality clean.”

They say that they must keep their locality clean.

Narration of interrogative sentences:

1. The reporting verb changes into ask, enquire, want to know question.

2. Yes/ no questions have if/whether, as a linker and Wh questions have same Wh words as linker.

3. The order of the sentences changes into assertive from the interrogative.

Eg. He said to me, “What are you doing?”

He asked me what I was doing.

Change following sentences into indirect speech: