conjunction

Conjunctions are linking words used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences within a sentence. They serve to create logical relationships between different parts of a sentence. Conjunctions are broadly categorized into different types based on their functions. Here are the primary types of conjunctions:

1.     Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join elements of equal importance within a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are:

For (reason or explanation)

And (addition)

Nor (negative alternatives)

But (exception or contrast)

Or (alternative)

Yet (contrast)

So (result or consequence)

Example: "I want to go to the movies, but I have to finish my homework."

2.     Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions introduce dependent clauses (subordinate clauses) and connect them to independent clauses. They show the relationship between the clauses, such as cause and effect, time, condition, contrast, etc. Some examples of subordinating conjunctions include:

Because (reason)

Although (contrast)

While (simultaneity)

If (condition)

Since (time)

Unless (condition)

Before (time)

Example: "I'll go for a walk if the weather improves."

3.     Correlative Conjunctions: These conjunctions work in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses. They are used to emphasize the relationship between elements being connected. Examples of correlative conjunctions are:

Both...and

Either...or

Neither...nor

Not only...but also

Example: "She is not only intelligent but also hardworking."

4.     Conjunctive Adverbs: These are adverbs that act as conjunctions to connect independent clauses. They provide transition or relationship between ideas and are usually followed by a semicolon or comma. Examples of conjunctive adverbs include:

However

Moreover

Therefore

Nevertheless

Consequently

Meanwhile

Example: She studied hard; however, she didn't perform well in the exam.

5.     Relative conjunctions, also known as relative pronouns, are a type of word that connects a dependent (relative) clause to an independent clause. They introduce relative clauses, which provide more information about a noun or pronoun mentioned earlier in the sentence.

Some common relative pronouns include:

Who: Refers to people. (The person who called me.)

Whom: Also refers to people, used as an object. (The person whom I called.)

Which: Refers to things or animals. (The book which I borrowed.)

That: Refers to people, things, animals, and is often used informally. ("The car that I bought.)

Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses and simultaneously serve as the subject or object of that clause.

Examples:

The man who is standing over there is my uncle."

The book that is on the table is mine."

She is the one whom I admire the most."

 

Practice

1.     The team worked diligently to meet the project deadline, ___.
a) yet
b) therefore
c) and

2.     The weather forecast predicted rain throughout the weekend, ___, many outdoor events were rescheduled.
a) so
b) hence
c) but

3.     She had prepared extensively for the exam, ___, she felt confident about her performance.
a) however
b) so
c) and

4.     The new software update promised enhanced security features, ___, it also included several user interface improvements.
a) but
b) meanwhile
c) and

5.     The students submitted their research papers on time, ___, the professor commended their efforts.
a) so
b) however
c) yet

6.     The marathon runners trained rigorously for months, ___, they were determined to cross the finish line.
a) for
b) and
c) so

7.     He finished his work ahead of schedule, ___, he decided to take a short break.
a) then
b) so
c) however

8.     The museum exhibited a stunning collection of modern art, ___, it attracted art enthusiasts from across the city.
a) and
b) however
c) so

9.     The negotiations between the two companies progressed smoothly, ___, both parties reached a mutually beneficial agreement.
a) so
b) hence
c) therefore

10.  The hikers navigated through challenging terrain, ___, they finally reached the breathtaking summit.
a) then
b) and
c) so

 

11.  She went to the store ___ she needed to buy groceries.

a) because

b) while

c) yet

12.  ___ it was raining, the children played outside.

a) While

b) However

c) Or

13.  He ate dinner early ___ he could attend the evening meeting.

a) but

b) so that

c) after

14.  ___ he finished his homework, he went to bed.

a) Since

b) Yet

c) Nor

15.  I will call you ___ I arrive at the airport.

a) so that

b) until

c) as soon as

16.  The cat hid under the bed ___ the thunderstorm passed.

a) and

b) before

c) but

17.  ___ I exercise regularly, I struggle with weight gain.

a) Although

b) Then

c) Because

18.  She was late for work ___ her car broke down.

a) or

b) until

c) because

19.  He decided to go for a walk ___ the weather was pleasant.

a) if

b) because

c) since

20.  They postponed the event ___ bad weather was forecasted.

a) until

b) yet

c) so that

21.  ___ she studies hard, she always excels in her exams.

a) Because

b) Since

c) And

22.  He stayed home ___ he was feeling unwell.

a) but

b) since

c) so that

23.  I'll buy some groceries ___ I pass by the supermarket.

a) if

b) unless

c) until

24.  The team worked late into the night ___ they could finish the project on time.

a) so that

b) yet

c) nor

25.  ___ she enjoys hiking, she rarely has time for it.

a) While

b) And

c) Or

26.  The cat slept peacefully ___ the dog barked loudly outside.

a) although

b) while

c) yet

27.  She decided to take a break ___ she felt overwhelmed.

a) but

b) until

c) because

28.  I will attend the party ___ I finish my work.

a) or

b) after

c) because

29.  ___ the movie was long, she stayed until the end.

a) While

b) Since

c) Or

30.  He started the project early ___ he could avoid the last-minute rush.

a) if

b) so that

c) until