Sagar's Dairy: The PlayBefore Elizabethan age we do not get bett...

Sagar's Dairy:  The PlayBefore Elizabethan age we do not get bett...:  The Play Before Elizabethan age we do not get better historical incidents of drama. However, it is not wrong to say that there was   no dra...

 The PlayBefore Elizabethan age we do not get better historical incidents of drama. However, it is not wrong to say that there was  no drama. There were three different types of drama: Liturgy, Miracle Play and Morality plays.

Liturgy is the play that was in existence in 12^th century. It is a drama that is presented inside the  four wall of the church. It used to have the story of the Bible. As it was performed in church, the subject matter was religious. The language of the drama is Latin. It has the performance of the certain part of Jesus life.

The developed form of the Liturgy has been understood as Miracle Plays are the developed form of Liturgy Play. It is developed from in the sense that it began its journey out of the church. Though it was not so far away from the church, it got open space for its performace. In another word, it is called as the Saint’s Play.  It presents the real or fictitious life story of a saint.  There are four cycle of the Miracle Play. They are York Chester Coverty and Wake field. The drama is written in iambic pentameter.

Morality plays are allegorical plays which were popular in 15^th and 16^th century the characters of the plays are abstract components. The characteristic of the morality plays are:

It is essentially an allegory. The presentation is verse narrative.

The protoganist represents either complete humanity or social class.

It is a dramatic presentation of conflict between good and bad force of human life or soul.

It is quite easy to perform as it is written in  vernacular language. A common person can easily understand it.

 

Interlude: A play, which was quite popular in 15^th and 16^th century, is also believed as not a completely different play rather a short performance done in between miracle or morality play. It is very short and a few characters are found to be in interlude.

Generally, English drama begins with the church. It has religious subject matter, and performed in the church. Liturgy and Miracle Plays went in the line of religious subject matters. However, there is a bit development in miracle plays as it moved outside from the church. The Morality plays moved in a closer to societal as it talked about the moral issues the virtues and vices. Such gradual development paid a great platform for the development of drama in Elizabethan age/s Before Elizabethan Age

What is the Soul? Critical approaches in Dualism

 What is the soul is a writing that presents a critical interpretation of dualism against monism in philosophy. Dualism is a metaphysical concept where people believe that there are two kinds of reality: physical reality, body and spiritual reality, immaterial. Russell examines such dualism in philosophical standpoint how mind and body exist. He critically examines the similarities and differences between body and soul in the form of mind and body.

        He vitally inspects the lacks of science. He articulates that science does not provide us all information that we desire to get. We have not got the information clearly that we had before science cane into existence. The line “…circumstances of recent advances in science is that each one makes us know less than we thought we did”, [1]presents the idea that modern science even does not know how much we were supposed to have known before science came into existence. Modern science cannot even know about body and soul concept.

        He further scans the concept of the body and mind and their interconnectivity. He writes, “…that the body is in time and space, but the soul is in time only”.

It is believed that body consists of the two things. It consists of both time and space. It means body goes for physical aspect that consists of both time span and entities, means the mass of an object. However, the soul is only time. It has only span or no physical mass; mere psychological or matter of thought, no more concretization.

Making headway, he looks at the concept of the body in the line of materialism. He believes materialism advocates for the body in a way that it has ‘its existence of self evidence’. He postulates that body physically exists as it has a self-proof; it exists in the world physically. A scientific proof is always there for such physical components.

He views the positions of the philosopher. He writes, “…the philosopher was apt to analyze it away”. He means to say that they are keen to know about it and explains about it this way or that way. They are not found to be doing. However, he views that the simplicities of the ideas have been lost. He points out,

[…] fine old simplicities are lost: physicists assure us that there is no such thing as matter, and psychologists assure us that there is no such thing as mind. This is an unprecedented occurrence.

 He strongly raises his idea that the dualistic concept of metaphysical materialism has been lost, as they want to establish their own significance in the field of philosophy. Now days, the dualism has been lost. There are tussle between physicists and psychologists. They argue quite differently. For, physicists matter is all-in-all and for psychologists mind is all-in-all. However, these two extremisms are not true.

        Going ahead, he wants to know about the reason behind the loss of dualism in philosophical arena. He finds, “…some of them attempt to reduce everything that seems to be mental activity to an activity of the body.

He derives the understanding that The physicist and psychologist try to conclude all mental activities to physical action. In this scientific world, everything is taken from factual occurrence. The mental action is always reflecting or manifest in physical action. However, author does not believe in such arguments.

        Likewise, he further examines what a body is. He states, “…hitherto called our body is really an elaborate scientific construction not corresponding to any physical reality”. He examines that we have existing history that we have a physical body. it is only construction of science as it has described with different metabolic and organic component that science can explain.

        He looks at materialists understanding. He encounters, “…a certain degree of success reduce the activities of the mind to those of the body, he cannot explain away the fact that the body itself is merely a convenient concept invented by the mind”. Russell questions the limitation of the materialist who reduces mental action to physical actions. However, he fails to explain about the reliable reason behind of it.

        After talking about some laps of materialists, he looks at dualism. He speaks, “…mind is an emanation of body, and body is an invention of mind”. He explains the springs of rotation in finding the meaning of both and their connectivity in actual word. It postulates how they are interconnected with each other.

        A common person thinks about universality of the matter. He writes:

“The plain man thinks that material objects must certainly exist, since they are evident to the senses. Whatever else may be doubted, it is certain that anything you can bump into must be real; this is the plain man's metaphysic. This is all very well, but the physicist comes along and shows that you never bump into anything.”

It presents that normal people concept is that anything that can be sense by sensory organ is always true, as they exist in the world. Anything that we meet by chance are real for us. However the physician tells that we donot meet anything by chance.

        He further examines the duality between mind and body. They both have same utility and supremacy. He mentions, “Mind and matter were something like the lion and the unicorn fighting for the crown.” He means that modern science cannot give exact idea about the mind as it fails to talk about matter exactly/ It is just like a battle that never comes to an end. It only forms certain inventions. it is beneficial to collect certain events  And they are always relative.

        He explains the importance of both mind and matter. He inscribes, “…both mind and matter are merely convenient ways of organizing events.”Russell questions both physicists and psychologists that they give preference to one particular entity. Nevertheless, he thinks that both work together in the universe for organizing the events. They really have coexistence.

He wants to examines the reason for  the differences between metaphysical materialism and materialism. He marks, “...the opponents of materialism have always been actuated by two main desires: the first to prove that the mind is immortal, and the second to prove that the ultimate power in the universe is mental rather than physical.” He examines why metaphysical materialism is different from materialism. The first is that they consider the mind is immortal and second is to prove the world works is mental.

        Finally, he tells how one has to think about future aspects of human life and metaphysical concepts. He writes, “  …on the earth's surface anything happens because somebody wishes it to happen. And since our power on the earth's surface is entirely dependent upon the sun, we could hardly realize any of our wishes if the sun grew could. It is of course rash to dogmatize as to what science may achieve in the future”

He agrees with materialistic concept that matter is everything. It is not necessary to think that what happens anything above the surface of the earth. It is beyound the capabilities of people then.

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[1]  The lines are taken  from course book class 11 and direct quotations are from The chapter: What is Soul? 

सबै भन्दा ठुलो भक्त को? बिम्बात्मक कथा र नेपाली समाज

 सबै भन्दा ठुलो भक्त को? बिम्बात्मक कथा र नेपाली समाज

नेपाली लोक कथा सबै भन्दा ठुलो भक्त को? सायद हुनु पर्छ नेपाली किताबमा पढिएको। धार्मिक बिषय बस्तु भएको उक्त कथा नारदमुनि र विष्णुको सम्वादबाट सुरु हुन्छ। नारदलाई आफुनै भगवानको परम भक्त जस्तो लाग्छ। वास्तविक धरातल नहेरि उनि भगवानको मुखबाट आफ्नो भक्ति प्रमाणित गर्न चाहन्छन्। यसको चाल पाएका भगवानले उनको बास्तविक हैसियत देखाउनको लागि काममा लगनसिल एउटा किसान वास्तवमा उनको परम भक्त भएको कुरा भन्दै उनको परिक्षा लिन्छन।

यो विम्वात्मक कथाको सार नेपाली समाजले वुझ्न बाकि रहेको कुरा घाम जत्तिकै छर्लङ्ग छ। नारद चरित्रको नेपाली समाज कमि छैन। आफ्ना काममा खासै मतलब नगरि समाजिक जिवनका आयामहरुको परस्त लम्पसारवाद र कुरौटे पनले समाज बिछ्प्त छ। जसरी नारदलाई नारयण नारयण गर्दा आफुलाई भक्ति गरेको भ्रम परेको छ। त्यसै गरि स्तुति गानमा रमेको धार्मिकता बौद्धिकताको माखेसाङ्ग्लोमा जेलिएको हुन्छ। तरमा डुबेको माखोलाई भ्रम भएको हुन्छ कि तर खान गएको हो। वास्तवमा  उसलाई थाहाँ हुदैन कि त्यहि तर नै उसको काल हो। उ त्यसैको दलदलमा जेलिएर मर्न पुग्छ। बास्तवमा न त उ आफु तर खान्छ न तर अरुको लागि खान योग्य छोड्छ।

नारदरुपि चरित्रको चिरफार गरिएको कथा बुझ्न नेपाली समाजले अझै पर्खनु पर्ला सायद।

Emma young has talked about eight lazy ways to lose weight. Get vaccinated Chill! Chill some more, Eat protein, Watch the packaging, Turn down the lights, Move to the country, Have a lie-in

It is obvious fact that our eating habit is the main cause of gaining weight. If we eat more and do less exercise, it leads to obesity.

David Allison has studied about piling the pounds and come in to conclusion that there are similarities between human and animals. 

·     Get vaccinated: Nikhil Dhurandhar has discovered AD36(adenovirus 36). It boosts the fat cell and persist the unwanted fat in the body.

·     Chill: Though it is believed that extreme stress makes people lose the weight  

·     Watch the packaging: The packed foods have endocrine disruptor that changes the normal function of hormones that affects the metabolism process.

·     Turn down the light: The empower to light at night increases the weight in body. Randy Nelson- mice exposed to light at night weighed 10% more.

·     Move to country: polluted air can cause fat accomodation arround the stomach. And can make cell less sensitive to insulin.

·     Have a lie in:those who sleep less are found to be more fat than those who sleep less.